I will try and separate out specific concepts that are not language specific. However, we will usually use a specific language (most likely Python) when trying to demonstrate or learn about a particular concept. The following are the generalized topics of discussion that are important to build a mental model and understanding around. Don’t worry about “learning” this stuff in one shot, you will slowly absorb this as we continue along this journey.
Again, back to the food thing. When you first learned to cook, you probably didn’t understand the concepts of seasoning and why salt makes everything taste so good. But as you began learning recipes, you began to notice that nearly all recipes include the use of salt. Why is that? I bet salt plays an important role in building a high-quality (and tasty) recipe.
The same will be true for these concepts, in a way. Try and notice these things as the appear in your tutorials and projects. Try and reflect back on them whenever you notice them. That is when things will become more firmly rooted in your mental model of how this all works.